Breaking down 440 and have some questions

First time engine builder here. Really want to learn more about engines.

Started breaking the 440 down today and saw one of the intake ports was really caked up, pics are attached. Material is rock hard but breakable. What would cause this? Would this head be able to be cleaned out?

Also, some of the exhaust ports and valves are black and some are white. Is that just bad lash adjustment?

Thanks all!

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Breaking down 440 and have some questions
Author: admin